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"Estimates of the Cost of Contact in Ivy League Sports," September 2024, in progress.

Paper: pdf file Abstract
The numbers of concussions and other injuries in Ivy League contact sports for both men and women are estimated in this paper. Those that are due to contact are also estimated. The contact sports are football, ice hockey, soccer, basketball, lacrosse, and field hockey. The estimated number of concussions per year across the eight Ivy League universities is 145.3 for men, with 130.9 due to contact, and 64.2 for women, with 53.1 due to contact. The estimate number of total injuries is 1,532.6 for men, with 957.3 due to contact, and 481.7 for women, with 229.6 due to contact. For an athlete who plays all four years of football, the estimated probability of a concussion is 32.1 percent. For women in soccer the estimated probability is 23.7 percent.