Quarterly Data Nominal Real GDP GDP Population Quarter (Y) (X) (POP) 1877.1 9.18 169.28 46.795 1877.2 9.21 170.72 47.054 1877.3 9.10 177.78 47.312 1877.4 9.04 178.59 47.570 1878.1 9.15 182.70 47.828 1878.2 8.92 183.44 48.086 1878.3 9.17 189.42 48.346 1878.4 8.93 188.75 48.607 1879.1 8.95 192.68 48.868 1879.2 8.97 198.87 49.126 1879.3 9.41 206.42 49.381 1879.4 11.29 223.54 49.632 1880.1 12.59 232.57 49.879 1880.2 12.14 235.14 50.149 1880.3 11.85 233.76 50.442 1880.4 11.98 236.65 50.757 1881.1 11.84 233.94 51.095 1881.2 11.84 237.14 51.427 1881.3 12.24 241.00 51.754 1881.4 12.61 243.43 52.075 1882.1 12.68 245.50 52.391 1882.2 13.11 248.88 52.708 1882.3 13.37 252.25 53.026 1882.4 13.24 253.13 53.346 1883.1 13.12 247.68 53.667 1883.2 12.91 245.64 53.988 1883.3 12.56 247.12 54.308 1883.4 12.55 247.54 54.629 1884.1 12.78 250.70 54.948 1884.2 12.72 256.75 55.268 1884.3 12.40 254.88 55.588 1884.4 11.89 252.25 55.908 1885.1 11.74 252.18 56.228 1885.2 11.59 253.48 56.548 1885.3 11.48 254.92 56.868 1885.4 11.84 257.77 57.189 1886.1 12.05 260.72 57.509 1886.2 11.87 264.87 57.829 1886.3 12.15 270.84 58.150 1886.4 12.18 271.40 58.470 1887.1 12.67 274.70 58.790 1887.2 12.61 276.29 59.109 1887.3 12.29 272.95 59.429 1887.4 12.65 276.67 59.749 1888.1 12.37 265.92 60.069 1888.2 12.21 266.10 60.389 1888.3 12.41 269.33 60.710 1888.4 12.93 273.09 61.030 1889.1 12.96 275.48 61.350 1889.2 12.74 273.86 61.670 1889.3 12.89 277.38 61.990 1889.4 13.25 282.86 62.309 1890.1 13.15 288.76 62.628 1890.2 13.47 296.77 62.949 1890.3 13.94 301.52 63.273 1890.4 14.04 305.24 63.599 1891.1 13.63 297.90 63.927 1891.2 13.64 298.36 64.255 1891.3 14.28 320.39 64.582 1891.4 14.54 329.56 64.909 1892.1 14.64 339.30 65.235 1892.2 14.42 340.35 65.561 1892.3 14.83 341.44 65.887 1892.4 15.36 345.13 66.214 1893.1 15.88 344.53 66.540 1893.2 15.26 340.35 66.866 1893.3 13.41 311.81 67.193 1893.4 13.06 301.59 67.519 1894.1 12.76 304.75 67.846 1894.2 12.60 306.33 68.172 1894.3 13.35 318.95 68.499 1894.4 13.75 333.95 68.825 1895.1 13.66 340.46 69.152 1895.2 14.44 346.96 69.478 1895.3 14.81 359.43 69.805 1895.4 14.98 366.64 70.132 1896.1 14.13 351.31 70.458 1896.2 13.76 347.91 70.785 1896.3 13.42 343.44 71.111 1896.4 13.81 341.09 71.438 1897.1 14.44 362.95 71.764 1897.2 14.56 371.80 72.090 1897.3 15.59 388.18 72.416 1897.4 16.10 393.31 72.742 1898.1 16.19 391.20 73.068 1898.2 16.25 385.47 73.394 1898.3 15.66 382.13 73.723 1898.4 15.91 386.81 74.052 1899.1 17.06 413.90 74.382 1899.2 17.42 417.10 74.708 1899.3 18.37 427.47 75.028 1899.4 19.34 433.93 75.343 1900.1 19.51 430.95 75.653 1900.2 19.42 434.46 75.980 1900.3 19.35 434.88 76.325 1900.4 19.30 436.46 76.688 1901.1 20.55 466.37 77.068 1901.2 21.33 487.74 77.454 1901.3 21.79 491.29 77.847 1901.4 22.20 495.19 78.246 1902.1 21.62 483.94 78.652 1902.2 22.01 484.71 79.046 1902.3 22.51 494.13 79.427 1902.4 23.42 492.94 79.796 1903.1 24.14 508.29 80.153 1903.2 23.95 518.98 80.516 1903.3 23.98 521.19 80.885 1903.4 23.12 505.27 81.260 1904.1 23.70 503.69 81.640 1904.2 23.24 502.71 82.031 1904.3 23.48 503.23 82.433 1904.4 24.68 517.50 82.846 1905.1 25.15 524.78 83.270 1905.2 25.51 536.97 83.689 1905.3 26.11 547.55 84.104 1905.4 27.49 570.07 84.515 1906.1 28.89 593.48 84.921 1906.2 29.38 600.01 85.321 1906.3 29.76 611.12 85.712 1906.4 31.49 626.86 86.097 1907.1 31.72 627.36 86.473 1907.2 32.18 629.81 86.866 1907.3 32.25 622.93 87.273 1907.4 30.20 588.42 87.696 1908.1 27.72 553.94 88.135 1908.2 28.13 555.38 88.572 1908.3 29.09 568.84 89.006 1908.4 30.26 588.17 89.438 1909.1 31.41 612.28 89.869 1909.2 32.77 628.02 90.322 1909.3 33.92 645.14 90.799 1909.4 35.46 657.86 91.299 1910.1 35.82 659.26 91.822 1910.2 35.64 652.66 92.298 1910.3 35.14 649.04 92.727 1910.4 34.45 653.32 93.109 1911.1 35.03 664.08 93.444 1911.2 35.11 671.28 93.781 1911.3 36.64 679.15 94.120 1911.4 37.13 683.06 94.461 1912.1 37.88 694.12 94.804 1912.2 39.44 704.35 95.186 1912.3 39.75 712.82 95.606 1912.4 40.30 721.29 96.066 1913.1 39.68 717.32 96.565 1913.2 39.07 713.35 97.064 1913.3 39.81 718.69 97.563 1913.4 39.59 709.52 98.062 1914.1 39.07 703.51 98.562 1914.2 39.24 704.74 99.020 1914.3 39.47 688.68 99.435 1914.4 37.55 657.54 99.807 1915.1 38.63 663.16 100.137 1915.2 39.09 665.10 100.470 1915.3 39.97 680.84 100.804 1915.4 42.88 712.71 101.141 1916.1 46.31 731.48 101.481 1916.2 47.14 729.30 101.847 1916.3 47.84 732.46 102.239 1916.4 51.92 733.20 102.659 1917.1 53.20 714.79 103.104 1917.2 60.90 740.23 103.384 1917.3 63.17 744.94 103.497 1917.4 64.89 772.07 103.445 1918.1 67.24 807.70 103.226 1918.2 75.37 873.38 103.166 1918.3 81.82 894.72 103.264 1918.4 81.81 858.69 103.522 1919.1 77.97 804.79 103.937 1919.2 81.42 801.24 104.370 1919.3 87.29 806.61 104.821 1919.4 90.43 806.26 105.290 1920.1 95.98 799.52 105.776 1920.2 95.95 759.38 106.284 1920.3 93.84 746.56 106.814 1920.4 80.40 705.72 107.367 1921.1 69.78 673.60 107.941 1921.2 68.56 691.00 108.449 1921.3 69.35 711.34 108.891 1921.4 70.37 734.54 109.267 1922.1 69.65 759.24 109.577 1922.2 72.44 796.00 109.931 1922.3 75.49 820.25 110.330 1922.4 79.07 851.39 110.772 1923.1 84.71 883.86 111.258 1923.2 87.17 905.79 111.769 1923.3 84.68 890.46 112.305 1923.4 84.93 891.59 112.865 1924.1 87.30 915.98 113.449 1924.2 82.86 887.19 113.989 1924.3 82.00 877.99 114.484 1924.4 87.35 922.83 114.935 1925.1 91.08 944.20 115.341 1925.2 91.27 955.48 115.741 1925.3 94.41 979.97 116.135 1925.4 96.44 1000.49 116.522 1926.1 96.60 1009.74 116.903 1926.2 96.15 1012.83 117.296 1926.3 97.93 1036.72 117.699 1926.4 97.98 1042.70 118.114 1927.1 95.94 1038.90 118.540 1927.2 95.44 1045.19 118.952 1927.3 94.77 1028.89 119.349 1927.4 93.88 1009.28 119.732 1928.1 94.31 1017.01 120.100 1928.2 96.18 1029.59 120.451 1928.3 99.01 1053.24 120.783 1928.4 99.16 1064.10 121.098 1929.1 102.18 1085.68 121.394 1929.2 106.22 1130.34 121.707 1929.3 107.94 1137.51 122.034 1929.4 102.07 1083.95 122.377 1930.1 98.09 1056.88 122.735 1930.2 96.79 1050.88 123.060 1930.3 89.78 999.50 123.350 1930.4 84.11 953.18 123.607 1931.1 82.02 968.76 123.829 1931.2 81.08 985.67 124.046 1931.3 76.25 946.98 124.257 1931.4 70.25 898.37 124.463 1932.1 65.12 875.31 124.662 1932.2 60.01 832.56 124.857 1932.3 57.21 803.51 125.046 1932.4 55.67 798.63 125.231 1933.1 50.99 759.35 125.410 1933.2 55.45 814.10 125.594 1933.3 63.05 878.82 125.782 1933.4 59.53 817.01 125.974 1934.1 64.35 887.42 126.171 1934.2 68.79 938.29 126.375 1934.3 67.03 898.40 126.587 1934.4 67.02 898.29 126.807 1935.1 72.01 956.89 127.034 1935.2 72.27 960.03 127.256 1935.3 74.12 986.58 127.473 1935.4 78.37 1041.35 127.684 1936.1 78.68 1039.32 127.891 1936.2 83.11 1104.48 128.089 1936.3 86.77 1136.09 128.280 1936.4 90.64 1173.72 128.464 1937.1 92.70 1171.69 128.640 1937.2 95.92 1201.42 128.839 1937.3 96.12 1196.90 129.060 1937.4 87.28 1111.06 129.304 1938.1 83.32 1075.43 129.571 1938.2 84.22 1092.43 129.836 1938.3 89.43 1156.27 130.102 1938.4 92.62 1202.52 130.367 1939.1 90.97 1193.76 130.632 1939.2 89.09 1176.37 130.896 1939.3 92.80 1220.44 131.160 1939.4 100.79 1299.33 131.423 1940.1 98.22 1276.02 131.686 1940.2 99.59 1293.49 131.966 1940.3 103.81 1346.29 132.262 1940.4 109.98 1405.12 132.574 1941.1 114.18 1451.54 132.903 1941.2 124.19 1532.68 133.234 1941.3 135.59 1613.40 133.568 1941.4 143.23 1667.40 133.904 1942.1 155.04 1779.85 134.242 1942.2 159.69 1799.60 134.624 1942.3 168.63 1880.54 135.051 1942.4 180.63 1986.15 135.523 1943.1 192.55 2093.24 136.038 1943.2 199.39 2138.84 136.525 1943.3 206.65 2209.77 136.982 1943.4 213.78 2272.21 137.411 1944.1 219.21 2309.98 137.810 1944.2 221.88 2323.49 138.205 1944.3 225.74 2361.34 138.594 1944.4 230.78 2411.62 138.979 1945.1 237.54 2475.70 139.359 1945.2 237.39 2448.26 139.738 1945.3 223.36 2273.59 140.118 1945.4 213.70 2116.91 140.497 1946.1 214.81 2100.34 140.864 1946.2 215.08 2030.14 141.214 1946.3 235.34 2064.45 141.750 1946.4 244.77 2038.84 142.742 1947.1 243.20 2033.10 143.143 1947.2 246.00 2027.60 143.790 1947.3 249.60 2023.50 144.449 1947.4 259.70 2055.10 145.122 1948.1 265.70 2086.00 145.709 1948.2 272.60 2120.50 146.289 1948.3 279.20 2132.60 146.921 1948.4 280.40 2135.00 147.607 1949.1 275.00 2105.60 148.254 1949.2 271.40 2098.40 148.847 1949.3 272.90 2120.00 149.485 1949.4 270.60 2102.30 150.167 1950.1 280.80 2184.90 150.786 1950.2 290.40 2251.50 151.319 1950.3 308.20 2338.50 151.973 1950.4 319.90 2383.30 152.658 1951.1 336.00 2415.70 153.291 1951.2 344.10 2457.50 153.902 1951.3 351.40 2508.20 154.610 1951.4 356.20 2513.70 155.344 1952.1 359.80 2540.60 155.976 1952.2 361.00 2546.00 156.587 1952.3 367.70 2564.40 157.267 1952.4 380.80 2648.60 157.986 1953.1 388.00 2697.90 158.574 1953.2 391.70 2718.70 159.160 1953.3 391.20 2703.40 159.889 1953.4 386.00 2662.50 160.639 1954.1 385.30 2649.80 161.328 1954.2 386.10 2652.60 161.983 1954.3 391.00 2682.60 162.731 1954.4 399.70 2735.10 163.524 1955.1 413.10 2813.20 164.204 1955.2 421.50 2859.00 164.864 1955.3 430.20 2897.60 165.612 1955.4 437.10 2915.00 166.419 1956.1 439.70 2903.70 167.109 1956.2 446.00 2927.70 167.788 1956.3 451.20 2925.00 168.573 1956.4 460.50 2973.20 169.416 1957.1 469.80 2992.20 170.172 1957.2 472.00 2985.70 170.869 1957.3 479.50 3014.90 171.638 1957.4 474.90 2983.70 172.417 1958.1 467.50 2906.30 173.064 1958.2 472.00 2925.40 173.729 1958.3 485.80 2993.10 174.483 1958.4 499.60 3063.10 175.288 1959.1 510.30 3121.90 176.045 1959.2 522.70 3192.40 176.727 1959.3 525.00 3194.70 177.481 1959.4 528.60 3203.80 178.268 1960.1 542.60 3275.80 179.319 1960.2 541.10 3258.10 180.401 1960.3 545.60 3274.00 181.301 1960.4 540.20 3232.00 182.019 1961.1 545.00 3253.80 182.634 1961.2 555.50 3309.10 183.337 1961.3 567.70 3372.60 184.103 1961.4 580.60 3438.70 184.894 1962.1 594.00 3500.10 185.553 1962.2 600.40 3531.70 186.203 1962.3 609.00 3575.10 186.926 1962.4 612.30 3586.80 187.680 1963.1 621.70 3626.00 188.299 1963.2 629.80 3666.70 188.906 1963.3 644.40 3747.30 189.631 1963.4 653.90 3771.80 190.362 1964.1 669.80 3851.40 190.954 1964.2 678.70 3893.30 191.560 1964.3 692.00 3954.10 192.256 1964.4 697.30 3966.30 192.938 1965.1 717.80 4062.30 193.467 1965.2 730.20 4113.60 193.994 1965.3 749.30 4205.10 194.647 1965.4 771.90 4302.00 195.279 1966.1 795.70 4406.70 195.763 1966.2 805.00 4421.70 196.277 1966.3 819.60 4459.20 196.877 1966.4 833.30 4495.80 197.481 1967.1 844.20 4535.60 197.967 1967.2 849.00 4538.40 198.455 1967.3 865.20 4581.30 199.012 1967.4 881.40 4615.90 199.572 1968.1 909.40 4710.00 199.995 1968.2 934.30 4788.70 200.452 1968.3 950.80 4825.80 200.997 1968.4 968.00 4844.80 201.538 1969.1 993.30 4920.60 201.955 1969.2 1009.00 4935.60 202.419 1969.3 1030.00 4968.20 202.986 1969.4 1038.10 4943.90 203.584 1970.1 1051.20 4936.60 204.086 1970.2 1067.40 4943.60 204.721 1970.3 1086.10 4989.20 205.419 1970.4 1088.60 4935.70 206.130 1971.1 1135.20 5069.70 206.763 1971.2 1156.30 5097.20 207.362 1971.3 1177.70 5139.10 208.000 1971.4 1190.30 5151.20 208.642 1972.1 1230.60 5246.00 209.142 1972.2 1266.40 5365.00 209.637 1972.3 1290.60 5415.70 210.181 1972.4 1328.90 5506.40 210.737 1973.1 1377.50 5642.70 211.192 1973.2 1413.90 5704.10 211.663 1973.3 1433.80 5674.10 212.191 1973.4 1476.30 5728.00 212.708 1974.1 1491.20 5678.70 213.144 1974.2 1530.10 5692.20 213.602 1974.3 1560.00 5638.40 214.147 1974.4 1599.70 5616.50 214.700 1975.1 1616.10 5548.20 215.135 1975.2 1651.90 5587.80 215.652 1975.3 1709.80 5683.40 216.289 1975.4 1761.80 5760.00 216.848 1976.1 1820.50 5889.50 217.314 1976.2 1852.30 5932.70 217.776 1976.3 1886.60 5965.30 218.338 1976.4 1934.30 6008.50 218.917 1977.1 1988.60 6079.50 219.427 1977.2 2055.90 6197.70 219.956 1977.3 2118.50 6309.50 220.573 1977.4 2164.30 6309.70 221.201 1978.1 2202.80 6329.80 221.719 1978.2 2331.60 6574.40 222.281 1978.3 2395.10 6640.50 222.933 1978.4 2476.90 6729.80 223.583 1979.1 2526.60 6741.90 224.152 1979.2 2591.20 6749.10 224.737 1979.3 2667.60 6799.20 225.418 1979.4 2723.90 6816.20 226.117 1980.1 2789.80 6837.60 226.754 1980.2 2797.40 6696.80 227.389 1980.3 2856.50 6688.80 228.070 1980.4 2985.60 6813.50 228.689 1981.1 3124.20 6947.00 229.155 1981.2 3162.50 6895.60 229.674 1981.3 3260.60 6978.10 230.301 1981.4 3280.80 6902.10 230.903 1982.1 3274.30 6794.90 231.395 1982.2 3332.00 6825.90 231.906 1982.3 3366.30 6799.80 232.498 1982.4 3402.60 6802.50 233.074 1983.1 3473.40 6892.10 233.546 1983.2 3578.80 7049.00 234.028 1983.3 3689.20 7189.90 234.603 1983.4 3794.70 7339.90 235.153 1984.1 3908.10 7483.40 235.605 1984.2 4009.60 7612.70 236.082 1984.3 4084.30 7686.10 236.657 1984.4 4148.60 7749.20 237.232 1985.1 4230.20 7824.20 237.673 1985.2 4294.90 7893.10 238.176 1985.3 4386.80 8013.70 238.789 1985.4 4444.10 8073.20 239.387 1986.1 4507.90 8148.60 239.861 1986.2 4545.30 8185.30 240.368 1986.3 4607.70 8263.60 240.962 1986.4 4657.60 8308.00 241.539 1987.1 4722.20 8369.90 242.009 1987.2 4806.20 8460.20 242.520 1987.3 4884.60 8533.60 243.120 1987.4 5008.00 8680.20 243.721 1988.1 5073.40 8725.00 244.208 1988.2 5190.00 8839.60 244.716 1988.3 5282.80 8891.40 245.354 1988.4 5399.50 9009.90 245.966 1989.1 5511.30 9101.50 246.460 1989.2 5612.50 9171.00 247.017 1989.3 5695.40 9238.90 247.698 1989.4 5747.20 9257.10 248.374 1990.1 5872.70 9358.30 248.936 1990.2 5960.00 9392.30 249.711 1990.3 6015.10 9398.50 250.595 1990.4 6004.70 9312.90 251.482 1991.1 6035.20 9269.40 252.258 1991.2 6126.90 9341.60 253.063 1991.3 6205.90 9388.80 253.965 1991.4 6264.50 9421.60 254.835 1992.1 6363.10 9534.30 255.585 1992.2 6470.80 9637.70 256.439 1992.3 6566.60 9733.00 257.386 1992.4 6680.80 9834.50 258.277 1993.1 6729.50 9851.00 259.039 1993.2 6808.90 9908.30 259.826 1993.3 6882.10 9955.60 260.714 1993.4 7013.70 10091.00 261.547 1994.1 7115.70 10189.00 262.250 1994.2 7246.90 10327.00 263.020 1994.3 7331.10 10387.40 263.870 1994.4 7455.30 10506.40 264.678 1995.1 7522.30 10543.60 265.388 1995.2 7581.00 10575.10 266.142 1995.3 7683.10 10665.10 267.000 1995.4 7772.60 10737.50 267.820 1996.1 7868.50 10817.90 268.487 1996.2 8032.80 10998.30 269.251 1996.3 8131.40 11097.00 270.128 1996.4 8259.80 11212.20 270.991 1997.1 8362.70 11284.60 271.709 1997.2 8518.80 11472.10 272.487 1997.3 8662.80 11615.60 273.391 1997.4 8765.90 11715.40 274.246 1998.1 8866.50 11832.50 274.950 1998.2 8969.70 11942.00 275.703 1998.3 9121.10 12091.60 276.564 1998.4 9294.00 12287.00 277.400 1999.1 9417.30 12403.30 278.103 1999.2 9524.20 12498.70 278.864 1999.3 9681.90 12662.40 279.751 1999.4 9899.40 12877.60 280.592 2000.1 10002.90 12924.20 281.304 2000.2 10247.70 13160.80 282.002 2000.3 10319.80 13178.40 282.769 2000.4 10439.00 13260.50 283.518 2001.1 10472.90 13222.70 284.169 2001.2 10597.80 13300.00 284.838 2001.3 10596.30 13244.80 285.584 2001.4 10660.30 13280.90 286.311 2002.1 10789.00 13397.00 286.935 2002.2 10893.20 13478.20 287.574 2002.3 10992.10 13538.10 288.303 2002.4 11071.50 13559.00 289.007 2003.1 11183.50 13634.30 289.609 2003.2 11312.90 13751.50 290.253 2003.3 11567.30 13985.10 290.974 2003.4 11769.30 14145.60 291.669 2004.1 11920.20 14221.10 292.237 2004.2 12109.00 14329.50 292.875 2004.3 12303.30 14465.00 293.603 2004.4 12522.40 14609.90 294.334 2005.1 12761.30 14771.60 294.957 2005.2 12910.00 14839.80 295.588 2005.3 13142.90 14972.10 296.340 2005.4 13332.30 15066.60 297.086 2006.1 13603.90 15267.00 297.736 2006.2 13749.80 15302.70 298.408 2006.3 13867.50 15326.40 299.180 2006.4 14037.20 15456.90 299.946 2007.1 14208.60 15493.30 300.609 2007.2 14382.40 15582.10 301.284 2007.3 14535.00 15666.70 302.062 2007.4 14681.50 15762.00 302.829 2008.1 14651.00 15671.40 303.494 2008.2 14805.60 15752.30 304.160 2008.3 14835.20 15667.00 304.902 2008.4 14559.50 15328.00 305.616 2009.1 14394.50 15155.90 306.237 2009.2 14352.90 15134.10 306.866 2009.3 14420.30 15189.20 307.573 2009.4 14628.00 15356.10 308.285 2010.1 14721.40 15415.10 308.901 2010.2 14926.10 15557.30 309.468 2010.3 15079.90 15672.00 310.088 2010.4 15240.80 15750.60 310.718 2011.1 15285.80 15712.80 311.237 2011.2 15496.20 15825.10 311.763 2011.3 15591.90 15820.70 312.389 2011.4 15796.50 16004.10 313.002 2012.1 16019.80 16129.40 313.520 2012.2 16152.30 16198.80 314.041 2012.3 16257.20 16220.70 314.660 2012.4 16358.90 16239.10 315.277 2013.1 16569.60 16383.00 315.750 2013.2 16637.90 16403.20 316.251 2013.3 16848.70 16531.70 316.877 2013.4 17083.10 16663.60 317.515 2014.1 17102.90 16621.70 318.051 2014.2 17425.80 16830.10 318.599 2014.3 17719.80 17033.60 319.253 2014.4 17838.50 17113.90 319.910 2015.1 17970.40 17254.70 320.431 2015.2 18221.30 17397.00 320.972 2015.3 18331.10 17438.80 321.620 2015.4 18354.40 17456.20 322.268 2016.1 18409.10 17523.40 322.793 2016.2 18640.70 17622.50 323.326 2016.3 18799.60 17706.70 323.962 2016.4 18979.20 17784.20 324.593 2017.1 19162.60 17863.00 325.108 2017.2 19359.10 17995.20 325.640 2017.3 19588.10 18120.80 326.276 2017.4 19831.80 18223.80 326.907 2018.1 20041.00 18324.00 327.423 2018.2 20411.90 18511.60 327.955 2018.3 20659.00 18671.50 328.590 Notes: Y is in billions of dollars X is in billions of chained (2012) dollars POP is in millions